The mechanism of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy for bladder cancer: a short review

Fabiola Solorzano-Ibarra, Estancias Posdoctorales Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT), Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Erick Sierra-Díaz, División de Epidemiología, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Martha C. Téllez-Bañuelos, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias. Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Pablo C. Ortiz-Lazareno, Departamento de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente. Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico

Bladder cancer, particularly non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), is characterized by a high recurrence rate, which results in ongoing treatment and surveillance costs. This condition represents one of the most significant expenditures within the healthcare system. Various treatment modalities are available, including surgical options such as transurethral resection, as well as intravesical therapies like Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Additional treatment approaches encompass chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. The complexity and financial implications associated with managing bladder cancer necessitate a comprehensive and vigilant approach to patient care.

Keywords: Bladder cancer. BCG. Immune activation.